Gaming consoles occupy a premium, high-visibility corner of India’s consumer-electronics market, and the country’s fast-growing gaming culture has made them a category worth getting right. A modern console is essentially a high-performance computer — a powerful processor and graphics engine, a substantial power supply, wireless controllers, and network connectivity — packed into a living-room device that runs hard for hours. Because it is a mains-connected, high-power electronic device, its electrical and thermal safety matters, and gaming consoles fall under the BIS Compulsory Registration Scheme (CRS). A covered console must be registered before it can be imported or sold in India, making BIS CRS registration the mandatory gateway to the console market. Consoles come as an ecosystem — the console itself, wireless controllers, and often a power adaptor — and each element has compliance significance. This guide focuses on the CRS registration and places it in the context of the wider compliance picture for gaming hardware. Why Gaming Consoles Fall Under CRS The Compulsory Registration Scheme operates under the Electronics and Information Technology Goods (Requirement of Compulsory Registration) Order, administered by BIS under the BIS Act, 2016. Gaming consoles are notified under CRS, meaning a covered device must be tested against the applicable Indian Standard, registered with BIS, and marked with its registration number before it can be manufactured, imported, sold, distributed, or stored for sale in India. The safety rationale is direct. A console draws significant power, runs a high-performance processor and graphics chip that generate substantial heat, and is used for long, intensive sessions — often in an enclosed entertainment unit. Substandard power electronics or inadequate cooling can create shock, overheating, or fire hazards. CRS ensures every console meets a common safety baseline verified by India-specific testing. Selling an unregistered notified console is an offence under the BIS Act, and registration is also a commercial gate: retailers and marketplaces verify it before listing, and customs checks it at import. The Applicable Standard Gaming consoles are registered under the Indian Standard for the safety of information technology / electronic equipment — historically IS 13252 (Part 1) (adopted from IEC 60950-1), with the sector transitioning toward the unified hazard-based standard IS 62368-1. This addresses electric shock, energy, fire, and thermal hazards in the device. Where the console uses an external power adaptor, that adaptor is itself a separately notified product, and wireless controllers with rechargeable batteries bring battery-safety considerations. Manufacturers should confirm the exact applicable standard and its current edition for the console against the latest BIS notification before testing, since registering against a superseded standard can invalidate the application. What the CRS Safety Test Examines Understanding what the laboratory checks clarifies why registration matters. The safety standard evaluates the console against a defined set of hazards. Electric-shock protection is verified for the power input, whether an internal mains supply or an external adaptor. Thermal behaviour receives particular attention, because a console’s high-performance silicon dissipates a lot of heat during intensive gaming, and the cooling system must keep temperatures safe even in a poorly ventilated cabinet during a long session. Fire-containment and fault-condition provisions confirm that an internal failure is contained. Construction requirements examine the enclosure and connectors. Because a console is a high-power computing device pushed hard for extended periods, thermal management is the single most relevant safety area, which is why India requires local testing rather than accepting overseas certificates alone. The Console-and-Controller Ecosystem A gaming console is never sold as a single item; it is an ecosystem, and that shapes the compliance approach. The core console is one product, but the wireless controllers — battery-powered devices with Bluetooth or proprietary radios — are separate electronic products in their own right, and any external power adaptor is a separately notified product too. This creates a small family of related compliance obligations around a console launch: the console’s CRS safety registration; WPC ETA for the console’s Wi-Fi and Bluetooth and for the controllers’ radios; battery considerations for rechargeable controllers; and the adaptor’s registration where one is used. For a manufacturer, the practical implication is to map the whole ecosystem at the outset — console, controllers, adaptor, and any bundled headset or accessory — and ensure each element is properly covered and that the registered configurations match what actually ships in the box and as separately sold accessories. Treating only the console and overlooking the controllers or adaptor is a common gap that surfaces at customs or on the marketplace, so handling the full ecosystem coherently is what keeps a console launch clean. There is a further wrinkle unique to gaming hardware: handheld consoles and portable gaming devices add their own battery into the core product, so a portable console carries battery-safety and battery-EPR obligations that a living-room console does not, on top of everything else. A manufacturer with both a home console and a handheld in its line-up should therefore plan two distinct compliance files, the handheld’s being broader because of its integrated battery. Mapping each device in the range to its exact obligations at the design stage — rather than assuming all consoles are alike — is what prevents a portable model from being held up over a battery requirement that the home console never triggered. Step-by-Step: BIS CRS Registration for a Gaming Console CRS is a test-and-register scheme with no factory inspection. Our team manages each stage end to end, but every applicant should understand the sequence. Confirm the standard and edition. Verify the current applicable safety standard for the console and its edition. Test at a BIS-recognised laboratory. Submit console samples for testing against the applicable standard. Prepare documentation. Compile technical details, radio inventory, power/interface and critical-component details, company and brand documents, and — for foreign makers — the Authorised Indian Representative (AIR) nomination. File the online application. Submit on the BIS portal with the test report and documents. BIS scrutiny and grant. BIS reviews and grants the registration with a unique R-number. Mark and self-declare. Apply the standard mark and R-number on the device and

The microwave oven is now a standard fixture in urban Indian kitchens, used for reheating, defrosting, grilling, and convection cooking in millions of homes, offices, and food businesses. Because it is a mains-connected household appliance that generates microwave energy to heat food, its electrical, thermal, and radiation-containment safety matters a great deal — a poorly built oven could expose a user to electric shock, excessive heat, or microwave leakage. For that reason, microwave ovens are a notified product under the BIS Compulsory Registration Scheme (CRS), and a covered oven must be registered before it can be imported or sold in India. For manufacturers, brand owners, and importers, BIS CRS registration is the mandatory safety gateway to the market. Microwave ovens were among the first products brought under CRS, with the requirement in force since the early days of the scheme. This guide explains the applicable standard, the CRS self-declaration process, the documents required, realistic timelines, and how the CRS safety registration fits alongside the separate BEE energy-labelling consideration for these appliances. Why Microwave Ovens Fall Under CRS The Compulsory Registration Scheme operates under the Electronics and Information Technology Goods (Requirement of Compulsory Registration) Order, administered by BIS under the BIS Act, 2016. Microwave ovens are a notified product under CRS, which means a covered oven must be tested against the applicable Indian Standard, registered with BIS, and marked with its registration number before it can be manufactured, imported, sold, distributed, or stored for sale in India. The safety rationale is unusually rich for this product. A microwave oven combines a mains-connected high-voltage circuit (to drive the magnetron), significant heat generation, and — uniquely — the containment of microwave energy that must not leak beyond safe limits. Substandard design in any of these areas can create real hazards. CRS ensures every oven meets a common safety baseline verified by India-specific testing. Selling an unregistered notified oven is an offence under the BIS Act, and registration is also a commercial gate: retailers and marketplaces verify it before listing, and customs checks it at import. The Applicable Standard: IS 302-2-25:2014 Microwave ovens are registered under IS 302-2-25:2014, the Indian Standard for the safety of household and similar electrical appliances — particular requirements for microwave ovens. This is part of the IS 302 series (aligned with the international IEC 60335 family) that governs the safety of household appliances, with Part 2 Section 25 addressing the specific hazards of microwave ovens. The standard covers the appliance’s protection against electric shock, its thermal behaviour, mechanical construction, the safety of the door interlock system (which must stop microwave generation when the door opens), and the critical requirement that microwave energy leakage stays within safe limits. Manufacturers should confirm the exact applicable standard and its current edition against the latest BIS notification before testing, since certification rests on demonstrated conformity to the correct standard. The oven must be tested at a BIS-recognised laboratory and shown to conform before it can be registered. What the CRS Safety Test Examines Understanding what the laboratory checks clarifies why registration matters for a microwave oven. The safety standard subjects the appliance to a defined set of tests. Electric-shock protection is verified for the mains-connected circuitry, including the high-voltage magnetron drive. Thermal behaviour is assessed so surfaces and components stay within safe temperatures during operation. The door interlock system is tested to confirm it reliably cuts microwave generation the instant the door is opened — a safety-critical feature. And, distinctively, microwave leakage is measured to ensure emitted energy stays within the strict limits the standard sets, so a user is not exposed to harmful levels. Mechanical construction, stability, and fault-condition behaviour are also examined. Because a microwave oven combines high voltage, heat, and contained radiation in a device used daily in the home, several serious hazard areas are genuinely relevant — which is exactly why India requires local testing rather than accepting overseas certificates alone. CRS Safety and BEE Energy Labelling: Two Separate Things An important clarification for microwave-oven brands is that this appliance can engage two distinct BIS-related regimes that must not be confused. The CRS registration under IS 302-2-25 certifies the oven’s safety and is the subject of this guide — it is the mandatory requirement to sell the product. Separately, microwave ovens also sit within the BEE Standards & Labelling programme on the energy-efficiency side, where the energy star label is a distinct matter administered by the Bureau of Energy Efficiency. The two are entirely separate: CRS concerns safety and is mandatory to sell, while the BEE energy label concerns efficiency. A manufacturer should treat them as parallel workstreams — obtaining the mandatory CRS safety registration and handling the BEE energy-labelling requirement in its own right — rather than assuming one covers the other. Coordinating both from the outset ensures the oven is both safe to sell and correctly labelled for energy, which is how a compliant microwave reaches the Indian market cleanly. For the energy side, see our BEE Registration service; the rest of this guide focuses on the CRS safety registration. Step-by-Step: BIS CRS Registration for a Microwave Oven CRS is a test-and-register scheme with no factory inspection. Our team manages each stage end to end, but every applicant should understand the sequence. Confirm the standard and edition. Verify that the oven falls under CRS and the applicable standard, IS 302-2-25:2014, and its current edition. Test at a BIS-recognised laboratory. Submit oven samples for testing against the standard, including leakage and door-interlock checks. Prepare documentation. Compile technical details, the bill of materials and critical components, company and brand documents, and — for foreign makers — the Authorised Indian Representative (AIR) nomination. File the online application. Submit on the BIS portal with the test report and documents. BIS scrutiny and grant. BIS reviews and grants the registration with a unique R-number. Mark and self-declare. Apply the standard mark and R-number on the oven and packaging, and issue the self-declaration. Maintain and renew. Keep conformity under BIS surveillance and

Induction stoves have become one of India’s most popular cooking appliances, prized for their speed, safety, and precise control, and sold in vast numbers across homes and commercial kitchens. An induction stove is a mains-connected appliance with power electronics that drive an induction coil, generating heat directly in the cookware. Because it handles significant mains power and generates heat through electromagnetic induction, its electrical and thermal safety matters, and induction stoves are a notified product under the BIS Compulsory Registration Scheme (CRS). A covered stove must be registered before it can be imported or sold in India, making BIS CRS registration the mandatory safety gateway to the market. Induction stoves were brought under CRS with a defined implementation date, and the requirement is now firmly established. This guide explains the applicable standard, the CRS self-declaration process, the documents required, realistic timelines, and how CRS safety sits alongside the separate energy-efficiency considerations for induction cooking. Why Induction Stoves Fall Under CRS The Compulsory Registration Scheme operates under the Electronics and Information Technology Goods (Requirement of Compulsory Registration) Order, administered by BIS under the BIS Act, 2016. Induction stoves are a notified product under CRS, meaning a covered stove must be tested against the applicable Indian Standard, registered with BIS, and marked with its registration number before it can be manufactured, imported, sold, distributed, or stored for sale in India. The safety rationale is direct. An induction stove converts mains power through high-frequency electronics into a magnetic field that heats cookware, and it is used daily around water, steam, and hot vessels. Substandard power electronics, poor thermal management, or weak construction can create shock, overheating, or fire hazards. CRS ensures every stove meets a common safety baseline verified by India-specific testing. Selling an unregistered notified stove is an offence under the BIS Act, and registration is also a commercial gate: retailers and marketplaces verify it before listing, and customs checks it at import. The Applicable Standard: IS 302-2-6:2009 Induction stoves are registered under IS 302-2-6:2009, the Indian Standard for the safety of household and similar electrical appliances — particular requirements for stationary cooking ranges, hobs, ovens, and similar appliances, within the IS 302 series (aligned with the international IEC 60335 family). Part 2 Section 6 addresses the specific hazards of cooking appliances of this type. The standard covers protection against electric shock, thermal behaviour and surface temperatures, mechanical construction, and the appliance’s behaviour under fault and abnormal conditions. Manufacturers should confirm the exact applicable standard and its current edition against the latest BIS notification before testing, since certification rests on demonstrated conformity to the correct standard. The stove must be tested at a BIS-recognised laboratory and shown to conform before it can be registered. What the CRS Safety Test Examines Understanding what the laboratory checks clarifies why registration matters. The safety standard subjects the stove to a defined set of tests. Electric-shock protection is verified for the mains-connected power electronics that drive the induction coil. Thermal behaviour is assessed closely — the cooking surface, the electronics, and the cooling system must keep temperatures within safe limits during sustained cooking, and surfaces a user might touch must not become dangerously hot. Fault-condition tests confirm that an abnormal situation — such as an empty pan, an unsuitable vessel, or a component failure — is handled safely rather than creating a hazard. Mechanical construction, stability, and the integrity of the glass cooking surface are also examined. Because an induction stove combines high-frequency power electronics, heat, and daily use in a wet kitchen environment, electrical and thermal safety are especially relevant, which is why India requires local testing rather than accepting overseas certificates alone. CRS Safety and the Separate Efficiency Dimension As with several kitchen appliances, induction cooking engages more than one regime, and a manufacturer must keep them distinct. The CRS registration under IS 302-2-6 certifies the stove’s safety and is the mandatory requirement to sell the product — the focus of this guide. Separately, induction hobs and cooktops also feature in India’s energy-efficiency framework, where energy performance is addressed through the Bureau of Energy Efficiency’s Standards & Labelling activity for induction hobs, a matter distinct from CRS safety. The two should be treated as parallel workstreams: obtaining the mandatory CRS safety registration and, where applicable, handling the energy-efficiency requirement in its own right. Coordinating both from the outset ensures the stove is safe to sell and correctly positioned on efficiency. For the energy side, see our BEE Registration service; the rest of this guide focuses on the CRS safety registration that is mandatory for market access. Why Induction Stoves Attract Careful Scrutiny Induction cooking is intrinsically safer than an open flame in some respects — there is no gas, no naked fire, and the surface stays relatively cool where no pan sits — but it introduces its own set of engineering demands that the safety standard is designed to police. The heart of the appliance is a bank of power electronics switching at high frequency to energise the coil, and these components run hot and must be cooled reliably, session after session, in a kitchen full of steam, spills, and grease. A cooling fan that clogs, an inverter stage that overheats, or a control board that fails to detect an unsuitable vessel can each turn a convenient appliance into a hazard. The glass cooktop must also withstand the mechanical and thermal stress of heavy vessels and rapid heating without cracking in a way that exposes live parts. These are precisely the areas where low-cost manufacturing tends to cut corners — thinner glass, undersized cooling, cheaper switching devices — and they are exactly what CRS testing exists to catch. For a manufacturer, the registration is therefore a genuine demonstration that the design manages heat, power, and abnormal-use conditions safely across the appliance’s working life, not merely a certificate on a wall. Step-by-Step: BIS CRS Registration for an Induction Stove CRS is a test-and-register scheme with no factory inspection. Our team manages each stage end

Projectors have moved well beyond the boardroom — they now light up classrooms, home theatres, auditoriums, and, in the form of compact LED and laser “pico” and portable projectors, living rooms and even pockets across India. A projector is a mains-connected electronic device with a bright light source, optics, and significant heat generation, and modern smart projectors add Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and streaming built in. Because they are mains-powered devices that generate real heat and, in some designs, intense light, their electrical and thermal safety matters, and projectors fall under the BIS Compulsory Registration Scheme (CRS). A covered projector must be registered before it can be imported or sold in India, making BIS CRS registration the mandatory gateway to the market. Projectors span a wide range — from simple wired data projectors to smart, connected home-cinema units — and the compliance picture broadens with the feature set. This guide focuses on the CRS registration and places it in the context of the wider compliance picture for projectors. Why Projectors Fall Under CRS The Compulsory Registration Scheme operates under the Electronics and Information Technology Goods (Requirement of Compulsory Registration) Order, administered by BIS under the BIS Act, 2016. Projectors are notified under CRS, meaning a covered device must be tested against the applicable Indian Standard, registered with BIS, and marked with its registration number before it can be manufactured, imported, sold, distributed, or stored for sale in India. The safety rationale is direct. A projector runs a powerful light source and processing electronics that generate substantial heat, managed by a cooling system that must work reliably over long presentations or movie sessions. Substandard power electronics, inadequate cooling, or poor construction can create shock, overheating, or fire hazards. CRS ensures every projector meets a common safety baseline verified by India-specific testing. Selling an unregistered notified projector is an offence under the BIS Act, and registration is also a commercial gate: institutional buyers, tenders, retailers, and marketplaces verify it, and customs checks it at import. The Applicable Standard Projectors are registered under the Indian Standard for the safety of information technology / electronic equipment — historically IS 13252 (Part 1) (adopted from IEC 60950-1), with the sector transitioning toward the unified hazard-based standard IS 62368-1. This addresses electric shock, energy, fire, and thermal hazards in the device. Where the projector uses an external power adaptor, that adaptor is itself a separately notified product. Manufacturers should confirm the exact applicable standard and its current edition for the projector against the latest BIS notification before testing, since registering against a superseded standard can invalidate the application. Whichever standard applies, the projector must be tested at a BIS-recognised laboratory and shown to conform before it can be registered. What the CRS Safety Test Examines Understanding what the laboratory checks clarifies why registration matters. The safety standard evaluates the projector against a defined set of hazards. Electric-shock protection is verified for the power input, whether an internal mains supply or an external adaptor. Thermal behaviour is central and closely scrutinised, because a projector’s light source and electronics generate significant heat and the cooling system must keep temperatures safe throughout a long session, even when the unit is placed on a soft surface or in a poorly ventilated cabinet. Fire-containment and fault-condition provisions confirm that an internal failure is contained. Construction requirements examine the enclosure and, where relevant, the safety of the light source. Because a projector is essentially a heat-generating light engine in a compact case, thermal management is the dominant safety area, which is why India requires local testing rather than accepting overseas certificates alone. From Data Projector to Smart Home Cinema The projector category has bifurcated in a way that shapes the compliance file. At one end are traditional data and installation projectors — wired devices connected by HDMI or VGA, without radios, whose compliance centres on CRS safety, any adaptor, and EPR. At the other end are smart portable and home-cinema projectors that behave like connected media devices: they run streaming apps, connect over Wi-Fi and Bluetooth, and pair with remotes, which pulls WPC ETA into scope alongside CRS. The rise of compact LED and laser light sources has accelerated this shift, making small, smart, battery-or-adaptor-powered projectors mainstream. For a manufacturer, the practical lesson is to scope each model’s compliance to its actual feature set rather than treating all projectors alike: a simple classroom data projector and a smart home-cinema unit sit at very different points on the compliance spectrum, the latter carrying a materially larger file. Mapping each SKU’s features to its required approvals at the design stage, and sequencing the wireless approvals for the smart models early, is the surest way to avoid a launch delay caused by a clearance that only the connected variant actually needed. Step-by-Step: BIS CRS Registration for a Projector CRS is a test-and-register scheme with no factory inspection. Our team manages each stage end to end, but every applicant should understand the sequence. Confirm the standard and edition. Verify the current applicable safety standard for the projector and its edition. Test at a BIS-recognised laboratory. Submit projector samples for testing against the applicable standard. Prepare documentation. Compile technical details, radio inventory (for smart models), power/interface and critical-component details, company and brand documents, and — for foreign makers — the Authorised Indian Representative (AIR) nomination. File the online application. Submit on the BIS portal with the test report and documents. BIS scrutiny and grant. BIS reviews and grants the registration with a unique R-number. Mark and self-declare. Apply the standard mark and R-number on the device and packaging, and issue the self-declaration. Maintain and renew. Keep conformity under BIS surveillance and renew periodically; act on the registration if critical components change. Documents Required A complete file at the outset is the biggest single lever on approval speed. You will typically need: Test report from a BIS-recognised laboratory against the applicable standard Product technical specifications and datasheets Power input details (internal supply / external adaptor), light-source and cooling details

Point of sale terminals — the card machines and billing devices that process payments at shops, restaurants, and delivery points — have proliferated across India as digital payments have become ubiquitous. From countertop terminals to handheld, mobile POS devices used by delivery agents and roaming staff, these are electronic products with displays, card readers, connectivity, and often rechargeable batteries. Because they are electronic devices — many battery-powered and wirelessly connected — POS terminals fall under the BIS Compulsory Registration Scheme (CRS), and a covered device must be registered before it can be imported or sold in India, making BIS CRS registration the foundational compliance step for payment hardware. POS terminals sit at an interesting intersection of safety, wireless, and payment-security regimes. This guide focuses on the CRS registration — the applicable standard, the process, documents, and timeline — and places it in the context of the wider compliance picture for payment terminals. Why POS Terminals Fall Under CRS The Compulsory Registration Scheme operates under the Electronics and Information Technology Goods (Requirement of Compulsory Registration) Order, administered by BIS under the BIS Act, 2016. POS terminals are notified under CRS, meaning a covered device must be tested against the applicable Indian Standard, registered with BIS, and marked with its registration number before it can be manufactured, imported, sold, distributed, or stored for sale in India. The safety rationale is direct. A POS terminal is an electronic device — many are battery-powered and charged from a mains source — used intensively in commercial environments and handled by staff and customers alike. Substandard construction, poor charging protection, or an unsafe battery can create a hazard. CRS ensures every terminal meets a common safety baseline verified by India-specific testing. Selling an unregistered notified POS terminal is an offence under the BIS Act, and registration is also a commercial gate: banks, payment aggregators, and enterprise buyers verify it, and customs checks it at import. The Applicable Standards POS terminals are registered under the Indian Standard for the safety of information technology / electronic equipment — historically IS 13252 (Part 1) (adopted from IEC 60950-1), with the sector transitioning toward the unified hazard-based standard IS 62368-1. This addresses electric shock, energy, fire, and thermal hazards in the device. For battery-powered mobile POS devices, the lithium cell is also relevant, governed by battery-safety requirements such as IS 16046, and any external charger is a separately notified product. Manufacturers should confirm the exact applicable standards and editions for the device and, where present, its battery against the latest BIS notification before testing, since registering against a superseded standard can invalidate the application. What the CRS Safety Test Examines Understanding what the laboratory checks clarifies why registration matters. The safety standard evaluates the terminal against a defined set of hazards. For battery-powered models, electric-shock protection is verified for the charging path, and thermal and energy-hazard tests address the lithium cell during charging and use. For mains- or adaptor-powered countertop terminals, the power path is assessed. Fire-containment and fault-condition provisions confirm that an internal failure is contained. Construction requirements examine the enclosure, the security of the battery compartment, and connectors. Because a mobile POS device pairs a lithium cell with a charging circuit in a heavily handled commercial product, battery and charging safety are especially relevant, which is why India requires local testing rather than accepting overseas certificates alone. Safety Is Only One of Several Regimes for a POS Device The distinctive feature of a POS terminal is that it is a payment device, which places it within a payment-security ecosystem that runs alongside — but separate from — its BIS safety registration. Payment terminals are subject to payment-industry security standards and to the requirements of banks, card networks, and payment regulators governing how they handle sensitive card and transaction data. These security certifications are entirely distinct from CRS, which concerns electrical safety, but for a manufacturer they are part of the same commercial reality: a POS device typically must be both electrically safe under CRS and security-certified for payments before it can be deployed by banks and aggregators. On top of that, connected terminals — those with Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, or cellular connectivity for transmitting transactions — bring wireless approval into scope, and mobile terminals bring battery obligations. The practical lesson for a POS manufacturer is that BIS CRS is a necessary but far from sufficient part of the compliance file, and the safety registration should be planned as one workstream within a broader programme that includes wireless approval, battery obligations, and the payment-security certifications the market demands. Coordinating these from the outset is what turns a promising payment device into a deployable one. Step-by-Step: BIS CRS Registration for a POS Terminal CRS is a test-and-register scheme with no factory inspection. Our team manages each stage end to end, but every applicant should understand the sequence. Confirm the standards and editions. Verify the current applicable safety standard for the device and, for battery models, the battery-safety requirements. Test at a BIS-recognised laboratory. Submit device samples for testing against the applicable standard. Prepare documentation. Compile technical details, radio inventory, battery/critical-component details, company and brand documents, and — for foreign makers — the Authorised Indian Representative (AIR) nomination. File the online application. Submit on the BIS portal with the test report and documents. BIS scrutiny and grant. BIS reviews and grants the registration with a unique R-number. Mark and self-declare. Apply the standard mark and R-number on the device and packaging, and issue the self-declaration. Maintain and renew. Keep conformity under BIS surveillance and renew periodically; act on the registration if the battery or critical components change. Documents Required A complete file at the outset is the biggest single lever on approval speed. You will typically need: Test report from a BIS-recognised laboratory against the applicable standard Product technical specifications and datasheets Radio/interface details and, for mobile models, battery details and safety documentation Bill of materials and critical-component data Company registration and business documents Trademark / brand authorisation documents Details of

Servers and storage systems are the engines of India’s digital economy — the hardware running data centres, cloud services, enterprise applications, and the country’s rapidly expanding IT infrastructure. From rack-mounted servers and blade systems to network-attached and enterprise storage arrays, these are high-power, mains-connected computing devices built to run continuously at scale. Because they are electronic data-processing equipment drawing significant power in dense, always-on environments, their electrical and thermal safety matters, and servers and storage equipment fall under the BIS Compulsory Registration Scheme (CRS). A covered device must be registered before it can be imported or sold in India, making BIS CRS registration the foundational compliance step for enterprise IT hardware. Servers are a comparatively wired, self-contained category — most lack the consumer radios that complicate phones and TVs — but they carry important obligations around safety, high-power design, and e-waste, and they are bought almost entirely through enterprise and government procurement where compliance is rigorously checked. This guide focuses on the CRS registration and places it in the context of the wider compliance picture for data-centre hardware. Why Servers and Storage Fall Under CRS The Compulsory Registration Scheme operates under the Electronics and Information Technology Goods (Requirement of Compulsory Registration) Order, administered by BIS under the BIS Act, 2016. Servers, storage systems, and automatic data-processing equipment are notified under CRS, meaning a covered device must be tested against the applicable Indian Standard, registered with BIS, and marked with its registration number before it can be manufactured, imported, sold, distributed, or stored for sale in India. The safety rationale is direct. A server draws substantial power through high-capacity power supplies, generates significant heat from processors and drives, and runs continuously — often packed densely into racks in data centres. Substandard power electronics or inadequate thermal design can create shock, overheating, or fire hazards, with serious consequences at data-centre scale. CRS ensures every device meets a common safety baseline verified by India-specific testing. Selling an unregistered notified server is an offence under the BIS Act, and registration is also a hard commercial gate: enterprise buyers, data-centre operators, system integrators, and government tenders verify it rigorously, and customs checks it at import. The Applicable Standard Servers and storage equipment are registered under the Indian Standard for the safety of information technology equipment — historically IS 13252 (Part 1) (adopted from IEC 60950-1), with the sector transitioning toward the unified hazard-based standard IS 62368-1. This addresses electric shock, energy, fire, and thermal hazards in the device. Manufacturers should confirm the exact applicable standard and its current edition for the equipment against the latest BIS notification before testing, since registering against a superseded standard can invalidate the application. Redundant power supplies and other critical components should be documented consistently. Whichever standard applies, the device must be tested at a BIS-recognised laboratory and shown to conform before it can be registered. What the CRS Safety Test Examines Understanding what the laboratory checks clarifies why registration matters. The safety standard evaluates the equipment against a defined set of hazards. Electric-shock protection is verified for the high-capacity power supplies, which handle substantial current. Energy-hazard tests address the significant energy in the power system. Thermal behaviour is assessed under sustained full load, because servers run continuously at high utilisation and their cooling must keep processors, memory, and drives within safe temperatures in a dense rack environment. Fire-containment and fault-condition provisions confirm that a failure — in a power supply or a drive, for example — is contained rather than escalating in a room full of equipment. Construction requirements examine the chassis, hot-swap components, and connectors. Because a server is a high-power, always-on device operated in dense concentrations, energy and thermal safety are especially central, which is why India requires local testing rather than accepting overseas certificates alone. Compliance as a Procurement Gate for Enterprise IT What most shapes the compliance reality for servers and storage is who buys them and how. Unlike consumer electronics sold on impulse, enterprise IT hardware moves almost entirely through structured procurement — large tenders from banks, corporations, government departments, and data-centre operators, evaluated by professional buyers with rigorous compliance checks. In this environment, a valid BIS CRS registration is not a background formality but a hard qualifying criterion: a server that cannot present a genuine R-number will be screened out before its technical merits are even considered, and a mismatch between the registered configuration and the delivered units can unravel a multi-crore contract at the verification stage. This makes accurate, current registration commercially load-bearing in a way that goes far beyond an individual sale. It also raises the stakes on configuration management, because enterprise servers are highly configurable — different processors, memory, drives, and power supplies on a common chassis — so a manufacturer must ensure its registrations properly cover the configurations it actually ships, using series/family grouping where the platform genuinely supports it. For a server vendor targeting the Indian enterprise and government market, keeping registrations current, accurate, and easy to evidence is a core part of being tender-ready. Step-by-Step: BIS CRS Registration for a Server or Storage System CRS is a test-and-register scheme with no factory inspection. Our team manages each stage end to end, but every applicant should understand the sequence. Confirm the standard and edition. Verify the current applicable safety standard for the equipment and its edition. Test at a BIS-recognised laboratory. Submit representative equipment for testing against the applicable standard. Prepare documentation. Compile technical details, power-supply and critical-component details, configuration information, company and brand documents, and — for foreign makers — the Authorised Indian Representative (AIR) nomination. File the online application. Submit on the BIS portal with the test report and documents. BIS scrutiny and grant. BIS reviews and grants the registration with a unique R-number. Mark and self-declare. Apply the standard mark and R-number on the equipment and packaging, and issue the self-declaration. Maintain and renew. Keep conformity under BIS surveillance and renew periodically; act on the registration if critical components change. Documents Required A complete

Switch mode power supplies are the workhorses of modern electronics power conversion — compact, efficient units that convert mains AC into the regulated DC that computers, LED lighting, industrial equipment, telecom hardware, and countless other systems need. Standalone SMPS units, sold as power modules and supplies in their own right rather than built into a finished appliance, are used across industry and infrastructure. Because they sit across the boundary between hazardous mains voltage and the low-voltage side that connected equipment and people touch, their safety is critical, and standalone SMPS units fall under the BIS Compulsory Registration Scheme (CRS). A covered SMPS must be registered before it can be imported or sold in India, making BIS CRS registration the mandatory gateway to the power-supply market. SMPS units are a component-and-infrastructure category — bought by equipment makers, integrators, and industrial users — where reliable safety and credible certification are central to the commercial offer. This guide focuses on the CRS registration and places it in the context of the wider compliance picture for standalone power supplies. Why Standalone SMPS Fall Under CRS The Compulsory Registration Scheme operates under the Electronics and Information Technology Goods (Requirement of Compulsory Registration) Order, administered by BIS under the BIS Act, 2016. Standalone switch mode power supplies are notified under CRS, meaning a covered unit must be tested against the applicable Indian Standard, registered with BIS, and marked with its registration number before it can be manufactured, imported, sold, distributed, or stored for sale in India. The safety rationale is direct. An SMPS is connected to the mains and converts that hazardous voltage down to a usable low voltage; the isolation it provides is the primary barrier protecting connected equipment and users from electric shock. A substandard supply with inadequate isolation, poor components, or weak construction is a common root cause of shock and fire incidents in the equipment it powers. CRS ensures every standalone SMPS meets a common safety baseline verified by India-specific testing. Selling an unregistered notified SMPS is an offence under the BIS Act, and registration is also a commercial gate: equipment makers and industrial buyers verify it, and customs checks it at import. The Applicable Standard Standalone SMPS units are registered under the Indian Standard for the safety of information technology / electronic equipment — historically IS 13252 (Part 1) (adopted from IEC 60950-1), with the sector transitioning toward the unified hazard-based standard IS 62368-1. For a power supply, the isolation between the mains input and the low-voltage output is especially central to the safety assessment. Manufacturers should confirm the exact applicable standard and its current edition for the SMPS against the latest BIS notification before testing, since registering against a superseded standard can invalidate the application. Whichever standard applies, the unit must be tested at a BIS-recognised laboratory and shown to conform before it can be registered. What the CRS Safety Test Examines For a power supply, the safety test is dominated by one theme above all: isolation. The laboratory verifies that the barrier separating the mains-connected primary side from the low-voltage secondary side is robust — with adequate creepage and clearance distances on the circuit board, sound insulation in the transformer, and components rated to hold that separation even under fault. This is the single most important safety property of an SMPS, because a breakdown of that barrier puts mains voltage onto the output that connected equipment and people contact. Beyond isolation, the test examines thermal performance under full load, since SMPS units run warm and a poorly designed one can overheat; fire containment in the event of an internal fault; and the behaviour of the supply under output short circuit and overload. Cheap supplies are precisely the products most likely to skimp on isolation distances and component ratings to shave cost, which is why India insists that each be proven safe through local testing rather than accepted on an overseas certificate alone. A Foundational Component for Everything Downstream Standalone SMPS occupy a position similar to batteries in the electronics ecosystem: they are rarely the end product but a foundational component that powers other products, and their safety propagates directly into everything built around them. An equipment maker designing an SMPS into a machine relies on the supply being safe and, in many cases, on its being properly registered, so an SMPS maker’s certification is an enabler for a whole chain of downstream equipment. This dual role — serving both direct buyers of power modules and the equipment manufacturers who integrate them — makes credible, current CRS registration a core part of the commercial offer, because serious equipment makers will insist on a registered, conforming supply before designing it in. It also means that an SMPS manufacturer’s registration strategy should reflect the real product range: power supplies come in many wattages and voltage outputs, often on shared design platforms, so series/family grouping can cover a broad catalogue efficiently where the platform genuinely supports it, while genuinely different designs need their own coverage. Getting this mapping right keeps a wide SMPS portfolio both compliant and cost-effective to certify. Step-by-Step: BIS CRS Registration for an SMPS CRS is a test-and-register scheme with no factory inspection. Our team manages each stage end to end, but every applicant should understand the sequence. Documents Required A complete file at the outset is the biggest single lever on approval speed. You will typically need: Foreign manufacturers hold the CRS registration in their own name and must appoint an AIR resident in India; the importer relies on that registration. Timeline and Cost Planning A realistic CRS schedule for an SMPS is commonly a few weeks to a couple of months end to end, with laboratory testing the pacing item. Once a complete application with a valid test report is filed, BIS scrutiny and grant are relatively quick. Costs are dominated by laboratory testing fees, followed by BIS application and registration fees and, for foreign makers, the AIR arrangement. Because SMPS families share design platforms across wattages

Optical disc players — DVD players, Blu-ray players, and combination home-theatre units — remain a steady category in the Indian market, serving home entertainment, education, and commercial playback needs. An optical disc player is a mains-connected audio-video apparatus with a laser-based optical pickup, a spinning disc mechanism, and video and audio processing electronics. Because it is a mains-powered device with a laser source and moving parts, its electrical, optical, and thermal safety matters, and optical disc players fall under the BIS Compulsory Registration Scheme (CRS). A covered player must be registered before it can be imported or sold in India, making BIS CRS registration the mandatory gateway to the market. Optical disc players are a comparatively self-contained AV category, but they carry the full set of core obligations around safety and e-waste, and modern Blu-ray and smart players add connectivity. This guide focuses on the CRS registration and places it in the context of the wider compliance picture for disc players. Why Optical Disc Players Fall Under CRS The Compulsory Registration Scheme operates under the Electronics and Information Technology Goods (Requirement of Compulsory Registration) Order, administered by BIS under the BIS Act, 2016. Optical disc players are notified under CRS, meaning a covered device must be tested against the applicable Indian Standard, registered with BIS, and marked with its registration number before it can be manufactured, imported, sold, distributed, or stored for sale in India. The safety rationale is direct. A disc player is mains-connected, contains a laser-based optical pickup and a motorised disc mechanism, and is used in homes and commercial settings. Substandard power electronics, an improperly contained laser, or poor construction can create shock, optical-safety, or fire hazards. CRS ensures every player meets a common safety baseline verified by India-specific testing. Selling an unregistered notified player is an offence under the BIS Act, and registration is also a commercial gate: retailers and marketplaces verify it before listing, and customs checks it at import. The Applicable Standard Optical disc players belong to the family of audio, video and similar electronic apparatus, historically registered under IS 616 (adopted from IEC 60065), with the sector converging on the unified hazard-based standard IS 62368-1 that brings audio/video and IT equipment under a single safety standard. Where the player ships with an external power adaptor, that adaptor is itself a separately notified product. Manufacturers should confirm the exact applicable standard and its current edition for the player against the latest BIS notification before testing, since registering against a superseded standard can invalidate the application. Whichever standard applies, the player must be tested at a BIS-recognised laboratory and shown to conform before it can be registered. What the CRS Safety Test Examines Understanding what the laboratory checks clarifies why registration matters. The safety standard evaluates the player against a defined set of hazards. Electric-shock protection is verified for the mains-connected power path. The optical pickup is assessed so that the laser is safely contained within the enclosure and cannot expose a user to hazardous radiation under normal use or foreseeable fault. Thermal behaviour is assessed, since the electronics generate heat over long playback sessions. Mechanical requirements examine the disc-loading mechanism and moving parts, and fire-containment and fault-condition provisions confirm that an internal failure is contained. Because a disc player combines mains power, a contained laser, and a motorised mechanism, several distinct hazard areas are relevant, which is why India requires local testing rather than accepting overseas certificates alone. A Mature Category with a Modern Edge Optical disc players occupy an interesting position: a mature, well-understood product category with a modern edge in its higher-end and smart variants, and this shapes the compliance approach. Basic DVD players are simple wired AV devices whose compliance file centres on CRS safety, any adaptor, and EPR. Blu-ray players and smart disc players, however, increasingly add network connectivity — Wi-Fi and Ethernet for streaming and firmware updates — and sometimes Bluetooth, which pulls WPC ETA into scope for the connected models. Home-theatre-in-a-box systems that combine a player with an amplifier and speakers add further considerations around the audio power stage. For a manufacturer, the practical lesson is the same as for other AV categories: scope each model’s compliance to its actual feature set rather than assuming all disc players are alike. A plain DVD player and a smart 4K Blu-ray player sit at different points on the compliance spectrum, the latter carrying a larger file. Mapping each SKU’s features to its required approvals, and sequencing any wireless approval for the connected models, keeps the range moving to market without a clearance surprise on the more capable variants. Step-by-Step: BIS CRS Registration for an Optical Disc Player CRS is a test-and-register scheme with no factory inspection. Our team manages each stage end to end, but every applicant should understand the sequence. Confirm the standard and edition. Verify the current applicable safety standard for the player and its edition. Test at a BIS-recognised laboratory. Submit player samples for testing against the applicable standard. Prepare documentation. Compile technical details, optical and mechanical details, power/interface and (for smart models) radio details, company and brand documents, and — for foreign makers — the Authorised Indian Representative (AIR) nomination. File the online application. Submit on the BIS portal with the test report and documents. BIS scrutiny and grant. BIS reviews and grants the registration with a unique R-number. Mark and self-declare. Apply the standard mark and R-number on the device and packaging, and issue the self-declaration. Maintain and renew. Keep conformity under BIS surveillance and renew periodically; act on the registration if critical components change. Documents Required A complete file at the outset is the biggest single lever on approval speed. You will typically need: Test report from a BIS-recognised laboratory against the applicable standard Product technical specifications and datasheets Optical-pickup and disc-mechanism details Power input details (internal supply / external adaptor) and, for smart models, radio/interface details Bill of materials and critical-component data Company registration and business documents Trademark / brand authorisation documents

Wireless headphones and neckband earphones remain hugely popular in India — over-ear and on-ear Bluetooth headphones prized for sound and noise cancellation, and neckband-style earphones favoured for their all-day battery life and convenience. Each is a battery-powered audio device with a lithium cell, a charging system, and a Bluetooth radio. Because they are rechargeable, wirelessly connected audio products worn on or in the ear, wireless headphones and neckbands fall under the BIS Compulsory Registration Scheme (CRS). A covered product must be registered before it can be imported or sold in India, making BIS CRS registration the mandatory gateway to the wireless-audio market. Like other personal audio devices, headphones and neckbands bring together a safety registration, battery safety, and wireless approval. This guide focuses on the CRS registration and places it in the context of the wider compliance picture for wireless headphones and neckbands. Why Wireless Headphones and Neckbands Fall Under CRS The Compulsory Registration Scheme operates under the Electronics and Information Technology Goods (Requirement of Compulsory Registration) Order, administered by BIS under the BIS Act, 2016. Wireless headphones and neckband earphones are notified under CRS, meaning a covered product must be tested against the applicable Indian Standard, registered with BIS, and marked with its registration number before it can be manufactured, imported, sold, distributed, or stored for sale in India. The safety rationale is direct, and heightened by the on-body use. These devices contain a lithium cell close to the head or neck, charged from a mains-powered source and worn for hours. Substandard cells or inadequate charging protection can cause overheating near sensitive areas. CRS ensures every product meets a common safety baseline verified by India-specific testing. Selling an unregistered notified product is an offence under the BIS Act, and registration is also a commercial gate: marketplaces and retailers verify it before listing, and customs checks it at import. The Applicable Standards Wireless headphones and neckbands belong to the family of audio, video and similar electronic apparatus, historically registered under IS 616 (adopted from IEC 60065), with the sector converging on the unified hazard-based standard IS 62368-1. This addresses electric shock, energy, fire, and thermal hazards in the device. Because these are battery-powered, the lithium cell is also central, governed by battery-safety requirements such as IS 16046 (aligned with IEC 62133). The cell’s safety is integral to the safety of the whole device. Manufacturers should confirm the exact applicable standards and editions for the device and its cell against the latest BIS notification before testing, since registering against a superseded standard can invalidate the application. What the CRS Safety Test Examines Understanding what the laboratory checks clarifies why registration matters. The safety standard evaluates the device against a defined set of hazards. Electric-shock protection is verified for the charging path — typically a USB charging circuit. Thermal behaviour is assessed closely, since the device is worn on or in the ear and charged frequently, so surface and battery temperatures during charging and use must stay within safe limits. Energy-hazard tests address the concentrated energy in the lithium cell. Fire-containment and fault-condition provisions confirm that an internal failure is contained. Construction requirements examine the enclosure and the security of the battery. Because a headphone or neckband pairs a lithium cell with a charging circuit in an on-body device used and charged frequently, battery and thermal safety are especially relevant, which is why India requires local testing rather than accepting overseas certificates alone. Headphones and Neckbands vs True Wireless Earbuds It is worth distinguishing this category from true wireless earbuds, because the differences shape the compliance approach. Over-ear and on-ear headphones and neckband earphones typically use a single, larger lithium cell in one physical unit (the headband or the neckband), rather than the multiple tiny cells and separate charging case of a TWS product. This generally makes the battery architecture simpler to characterise — one cell, one charging circuit — though the cell is larger and its safety no less important. Neckbands in particular are prized for long battery life, which means a relatively substantial cell, so its safety and the charging protection around it are central. Headphones increasingly add features such as active noise cancellation and multipoint Bluetooth, but from a safety-and-wireless compliance standpoint the file remains the familiar trio of CRS safety, battery safety, and WPC for the Bluetooth radio. For a manufacturer, the practical implication is that a headphone or neckband is often a more straightforward compliance proposition than a TWS set — a single-cell device with one radio — but it is no less subject to the full requirement set, and the larger cell means battery safety deserves the same rigour. Recognising this keeps the certification appropriately scoped: simpler than TWS in architecture, identical in obligation. Step-by-Step: BIS CRS Registration for Headphones or Neckbands CRS is a test-and-register scheme with no factory inspection. Our team manages each stage end to end, but every applicant should understand the sequence. Confirm the standards and editions. Verify the current applicable safety standard for the device and the battery-safety requirements for its cell. Test at a BIS-recognised laboratory. Submit device samples for testing against the applicable standard; ensure the cell meets its safety requirements. Prepare documentation. Compile technical details, the bill of materials and cell specifications, company and brand documents, and — for foreign makers — the Authorised Indian Representative (AIR) nomination. File the online application. Submit on the BIS portal with the test report and documents. BIS scrutiny and grant. BIS reviews and grants the registration with a unique R-number. Mark and self-declare. Apply the standard mark and R-number on the device and packaging, and issue the self-declaration. Maintain and renew. Keep conformity under BIS surveillance and renew periodically; act on the registration if the cell or critical components change. Documents Required A complete file at the outset is the biggest single lever on approval speed. You will typically need: Test report from a BIS-recognised laboratory against the applicable standard Product technical specifications and datasheets Cell/battery details and safety documentation

Lithium-ion cells and batteries are the invisible power source behind nearly all of modern electronics — phones, laptops, power banks, wearables, wireless earbuds, tools, and countless other devices depend on them. They store a remarkable amount of energy in a small, light package, and that very energy density is what makes their safety critical: a poorly made or abused lithium cell can overheat, vent, or catch fire. To ensure that the cells and batteries entering the Indian market are safe, sealed secondary lithium-ion cells and batteries are notified under the BIS Compulsory Registration Scheme (CRS). A covered cell or battery must be registered before it can be imported or sold in India, making BIS CRS registration the mandatory gateway for battery makers and importers. Batteries are a foundational component category — they feed into the compliance of every downstream device that uses them — and they carry their own environmental obligations under India’s battery-waste rules. This guide focuses on the CRS registration of lithium cells and batteries: the applicable standard, the process, documents, and timeline, and the way it connects to the wider battery-compliance picture. Why Lithium Cells and Batteries Fall Under CRS The Compulsory Registration Scheme operates under the Electronics and Information Technology Goods (Requirement of Compulsory Registration) Order, administered by BIS under the BIS Act, 2016. Sealed secondary (rechargeable) lithium-ion cells and batteries used in portable applications are notified under CRS, meaning a covered cell or battery must be tested against the applicable Indian Standard, registered with BIS, and marked with its registration number before it can be manufactured, imported, sold, distributed, or stored for sale in India. The safety rationale is fundamental. A lithium cell concentrates a large amount of chemical energy that, if released uncontrollably through a defect, contamination, or abuse, produces thermal runaway — rapid, self-sustaining overheating that leads to venting and fire. Because these cells power so many products and are produced in staggering volumes, ensuring each meets a common safety baseline is essential. CRS provides that baseline through India-specific testing. Selling an unregistered notified cell or battery is an offence under the BIS Act, and registration is also central to the compliance of every device that uses the cell. The Applicable Standard Lithium cells and batteries are registered under the Indian Standard for the safety of secondary lithium cells and batteries for portable applications, principally IS 16046, India’s adoption of the international standard IEC 62133. The standard is structured to address both cells and the batteries assembled from them, with the relevant part applied accordingly, and it specifies the safety requirements and tests that verify a cell or battery behaves safely under normal use and reasonably foreseeable misuse. Manufacturers should confirm the exact applicable part and current edition of IS 16046 for their specific product — cell or battery pack — against the latest BIS notification before testing, since registering against a superseded standard can invalidate the application. Because battery standards and requirements evolve as the technology and its risks are better understood, staying current is especially important in this category. What the CRS Safety Test Examines Understanding what the laboratory checks clarifies why registration is so important for batteries. The safety standard subjects the cell or battery to a battery of tests designed around the ways lithium cells fail. Electrical-abuse tests include overcharge, over-discharge, external short circuit, and forced discharge, verifying that the cell and its protection respond safely rather than entering thermal runaway. Thermal tests expose the cell to elevated temperatures and thermal cycling to confirm it remains stable. Mechanical-abuse tests such as crush, impact, and vibration check that physical stress does not cause a dangerous failure. For batteries, the behaviour of the protection circuitry and the interaction between cells are also examined. The whole point is to confirm that the cell manages its stored energy safely across the abuse conditions of real-world use and mishandling — which is precisely why India requires this testing rather than relying on overseas certificates alone. Batteries as a Foundational Component Lithium cells and batteries occupy a special position because they are rarely the end product — they are a component that powers other products, from power banks and wearables to laptops and tools. This has an important compliance consequence: the safety of the cell propagates directly into the safety of every device built around it. A downstream device manufacturer relies on the cell being safe and, in many cases, on its being properly registered, so a battery maker’s certification is an enabler for a whole chain of products. It also means that battery makers serve two kinds of customers — those buying cells and packs directly, and the device manufacturers who need conforming cells to certify their own products. For a battery manufacturer or importer, this makes credible, current CRS registration and safety documentation not just a legal requirement but a core part of the commercial offer, since serious device makers will insist on it before designing a cell into their products. Step-by-Step: BIS CRS Registration for a Lithium Cell or Battery CRS is a test-and-register scheme with no factory inspection. Our team manages each stage end to end, but every applicant should understand the sequence. Documents Required A complete file at the outset is the biggest single lever on approval speed. You will typically need: Foreign manufacturers hold the CRS registration in their own name and must appoint an AIR resident in India; the importer relies on that registration. Timeline and Cost Planning A realistic CRS schedule for a lithium cell or battery is commonly a few weeks to a couple of months end to end, with laboratory testing the pacing item — and the extensive abuse-testing suite means testing can take longer than for many other products. Once a complete application with a valid test report is filed, BIS scrutiny and grant are relatively quick. Costs are dominated by laboratory testing fees, followed by BIS application and registration fees and, for foreign makers, the AIR arrangement. Because a manufacturer often makes