BIS CRS – Guides & Updates

Thin-film solar modules are a distinct branch of photovoltaic technology, using thin layers of semiconductor material — amorphous silicon (a-Si), copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS), or cadmium telluride (CdTe) — deposited on a substrate, rather than the silicon wafers of conventional crystalline modules. They offer particular advantages in certain applications, from utility-scale plants to building-integrated

Mail-processing machines — including postage and franking machines — remain essential equipment for organisations that handle mail in volume: corporate mailrooms, banks, government departments, courier and logistics operations, and print-and-mail service bureaus. A franking machine prints postage impressions directly onto mail, accounting for postage automatically; broader mail-processing machines fold, insert, seal, sort, and meter mail

LED hand lamps — the portable, handheld inspection lamps and work lights used by mechanics, electricians, technicians, engineers, and maintenance crews — are rugged tools that bring light into engine bays, machinery, workshops, basements, and confined spaces across India’s industrial and service sectors. A hand lamp is a portable luminaire, held or hung by the

Passport readers are specialised scanning devices that read the data pages and chips of passports and travel documents — used at immigration counters, airports, visa centres, hotels, banks, and any point where identity must be verified against a travel document. A passport reader is a compact electronic device, usually USB-connected, that optically scans the machine-readable

Telephone answering machines — the devices that record incoming voice messages when a call goes unanswered — remain in use across offices, small businesses, clinics, and homes in India, whether as standalone units or as functions built into telephone systems and PBX equipment. A telephone answering machine is a mains-connected electronic device that connects to

Electronic clocks are a familiar part of everyday life in India — wall clocks, digital table clocks, alarm clocks, and display clocks that keep time in homes, offices, stations, and public spaces. The ones that plug into the mains, rather than running on a small battery, are electrical appliances in their own right, and because

Power adapters are among the most ubiquitous electrical products in any home, and the ones that power household and similar electrical appliances form a distinct category with their own safety standard. These are the adapters and power units that supply kitchen gadgets, personal-care appliances, cleaning devices, and countless other small household appliances — distinct from

Emergency lighting is life-safety equipment. When mains power fails during a fire, a power cut, or an evacuation, emergency luminaires and exit signs keep escape routes visible and guide people safely out of buildings — in offices, hospitals, malls, factories, cinemas, and public spaces across India. An LED emergency luminaire is a fitting with a

Decorative lighting is woven into Indian life — the twinkling LED chains and flexible rope lights that adorn homes, streets, shops, and venues for Diwali, weddings, festivals, and celebrations of every kind, sold in staggering volumes each season. An LED lighting chain is a string of small LEDs on a cable; a rope light is

Copying machines and duplicators remain workhorses of Indian offices, schools, government departments, print shops, and businesses — from desktop copiers to high-volume production duplicators that run thousands of copies a day. A copying machine is a mains-connected electronic system combining imaging electronics, a mechanical paper-handling path, and, in many cases, a heated fusing unit, all